The Future of Work Motivation Theory

Prologue to Special Topic Forum: The Future of Work Motivation Theory Author(s): Richard M. Steers, Richard T. Mowday, Debra L. Shapiro Source: The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Jul. , 2004), pp. 379-387 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http://www. jstor. organization/stable/20159049 . Gotten to: 25/04/2011 09:09 Your utilization of the JSTOR chronicle demonstrates your acknowledgment of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, accessible at . http://www. jstor. organization/page/information/about/approaches/terms. jsp.JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use gives, to some extent, that except if you have gotten earlier authorization, you may not download a whole issue of a diary or different duplicates of articles, and you may utilize content in the JSTOR chronicle just for your own, non-business use. If it's not too much trouble contact the distributer with respect to any further utilization of this work. Distributer contact data might be acquired at . http:// www. jstor. organization/activity/showPublisher? publisherCode=aom. . Each duplicate of any piece of a JSTOR transmission must contain a similar copyright notice that shows up on the screen or printed page of such transmission.JSTOR is a not-revenue driven assistance that helps researchers, specialists, and understudies find, use, and expand upon a wide scope of substance in a confided in advanced file. We use data innovation and devices to build efficiency and encourage new types of grant. For more data about JSTOR, if you don't mind contact [emailâ protected] organization. Foundation of Management is working together with JSTOR to digitize, protect and stretch out access to The Academy of Management Review. http://www. jstor. organization ? Institute o? The board Review 2004, Vol. 29, No. 3, 379-387. INTRODUCTIONTO SPECIAL TOPIC FORUMTHEFUTURE WORKMOTIVATION OF THEORY RICHARDM. STEERS RICHARD T. MOWDAY University o? Oregon DEBRA L. SHAPIRO University of Maryland inspiration The s ubject of worker assumes a cen tral job in the field of the board? both prac see motiva and hypothetically. tically Managers tion as a piece of the exhibition essential condition searchers obstruct at all observe re levels, while authoritative it as a basic structure been. a review This presentation speaks to of the field of work inspiration from a hypothetical and establishes the framework for the arti stance cles The that the Latin on this (mover?. Working as â€Å"the inspiration Atkinson characterizes idea, on direc impact (prompt) contemporary for development follow. 2 term inspiration gets from word in the advancement of valuable speculations of compelling the Indeed, the board practice. of the sub numerous subject of inspiration penetrates the investigation of the board, handle that form man groups, execution including initiative, choice morals, making, It isn't unexpected, change. so much that this theme has gotten in the course of the last a few in the two decades diaries and the board periodicals. xam ongoing articles have a few work far we have come in investigating agement, administrative and hierarchical consequently, consideration research Whereas of action† tion, power, and diligence (1964: 2), while it as â€Å"a process Vroom characterizes administering †¦ among decision made option by people types of willful (1964: 6). Campbell activity† and Pritchard that propose inspiration subordinate the heading, has to do with a lot of free/factor that clarify connections adequacy, and ingenuity of an ined how on where this exceptional discussion centers inspiration, we are going. That the inquiries: would we say we is, solicit is the future from work inspiration What hypotheses? are What the basic be that must inquiries if progress in the field is to be made? tended to is the future research What How can plan? we or adjust current models stretch out of work so they proceed in the inspiration to be important are completely new models f uture? Furthermore, where to promote our understanding inspiration required of representative conduct and employment execution contemporary associations? To comprehend where the field initially see ever, we should is going, where how it has of in ndividual's consistent conduct, holding fects of fitness, aptitude, and getting task, and the limitations working in the ef of the envi ronment (1976: 63-130). These and different definitions have three com mon denominators. con They are all chiefly or occasions cerned with factors that stimulate, after some time. also, continue human conduct channel, In different ways, of work speculations contemporary inspiration to elucidate get from endeavors with expanding accuracy to decide terrelate how these conduct three factors in associations. inEARLYDEVELOPMENTS IN MOTIVATION THEORY The most punctual man inspiration to comprehension hu approaches date from the hour of the Greek and spotlight on the idea of hedo We audit cial are board discussion . obligated to the time staff and of AMR exertion and to the article of this spe for their for benefit thinkers 2 1 For inspiration, late observe audits Kanfer of the exploration writing on work and For a progressively definite assessment see Pinder of the advancement Porter, of work and (1990), Mitchell (1997), Ambrose inspiration Steers speculations, (2003). (1998) and Bigley,Kulik (1999),and Mitchell and Daniels (2002). 379 380 Academy of Management Review July a standard power in conduct. driving seen as concentrating were Individuals their endeavors on looking for and maintaining a strategic distance from This joy torment. was later refined and further devel rule in progress of scholars like Locke, oped nism as Bentham, Mill, and eighteenth Toward issue and Helvetius, hundreds of years. in the seventeenth nism of the past. results would activities keep an eye on this past would that prompted positive will in general be rehashed, though results that prompted negative Past activi ties Thorndike he end of the nineteenth the century, to relocate of inspiration from the started to the recently domain of theory sci developing ence of brain research. Difficulties promptly emerged over the utilization of gratification as the reason for the investigation of inspiration. donism had no that obvious were determination pleasurable or (1911) re of impact, while Hull was that exertion or inspiration (1943) recommended to a great extent controlled by drive X propensity. Skinner later based on these (1953) and others con with the presentation of operation? bluster standards to by some as support (alluded ditioning ferred to lessen. s the law hypotheses), contending learn unforeseen and their that, over connections and results future conduct. manual for flourish people time, activities between that these contin As Vroom clarifies, he of the excruciating, type or of even occasions how gencies models vehicles proceed with these occasions could be resolved for a specific nor d id it clarify how people individual; of methods of achieving their originations obtained joy agony may the libertine or torment, or how be altered supposition the by or wellspring of delight to put it plainly, experience. no observational con has or understanding also work execution, different administration execution 2003). (e. g. , Komaki, While analysts Reinforcement as illustrative today work inspiration and as in the working environment in programs tent and was untestable (1964: 10). researchers search accordingly, social started to ex for increasingly based models ing observationally plain inspiration. were these early models impulse the Among as those proposed ories, such by James, Freud, and McDougall. Rather these balanced, profoundly much conduct came about as McDougall â€Å"an tion acquired which consideration an or natural decided ere on in concentrating were on stincts and drives, administrators centering progressively down to business issues. A key advancement here w as crafted by Frederick and his col Taylor move in the logical administration groups ment. mechanical designing of (1911), alongside many foundation, Taylor on the in his partners, concentrated in an increas efficiencies of manufacturing plant creation Coming ingly presented industrialized another and laborers age. These partners expert to paternalistic methodology that depended on a blend from a that contended from sense, characterized by f seeing scholars conduct as mental its owner of a specific energy predisposi to see, of a class, a partic object, way to or pay experience ular quality and to act to, objects enthusiastic upon in respect such seeing to it in a specific (1908: 4). James cluded envy, distinguished a rundown of such senses friendliness, that in overseeing of occupation preparing, motivating force pay-for-execution tech determination frameworks, representative improved and the introduction niques, work update, including duction of ergonomics.Far from being abuse saw ative in goal, Taylor and his partners as a financial to logical aid the executives the utilization the two laborers and the board through in of improved assembling methods, re and wrinkled shared working effectiveness, the resulting ascent of an in workforce, creasingly modern coupled to boost with endeavors organization efficiency re without expanding at the same time worker wards. Be that as it may, to ruin served this sys wards, in the end to the broad ascent of unioniza tem, driving during the 1930s. particle endeavors social researchers and chiefs Meanwhile, to consider the job of social impacts started on conduct during the 1930s. The job of gathering dy as com to see representatives namics and the need plex creatures ences were with different as perceived persuasive incredible influ impacts headway, interest, and compassion. dread, as in around the 1920s, in any case, Beginning to wrinkled of the hypothesis restrictions started to be supplanted impulse speculations develop, started on drive or reinforcement.Led based by models as Thorndike, Wood by such therapists worth, the scholars presented and Hull, drive in propelled of learning and conduct or fu that choices concerning present placed are ture practices affected to a great extent by the idea with past of remunerations related results to this as hedo conduct. (1954) alluded Allport 2004 Steers, Mowday, and Shapiro 381 re these Best noted among execution. are Mayo's and Roeth search attempts (1933) Bendi

Interpreting Research Questions Using MANOVA Essay

Deciphering Research Questions Using MANOVA - Essay Example The article reports numerous reliant and autonomous factors in the subject investigation. The arrangement of autonomous factors comprises of the kinds of care benefits as offered by the consideration offices that were associated with the exploration. These incorporate substance misuse care administrations: â€Å"assessment, referral for detoxification, escalated outpatient treatment, toxicology, 12-advance gatherings, individual and gathering guiding, linkage to methadone upkeep, backslide counteraction and recreation† (Bennett and O’Brien, 2007, p. 399, 400). Abusive behavior at home factors incorporate â€Å"24-hour emergency, cover, case the executives, psycho instruction, support or insurance orders, transportation, children’s program, and individual, gathering, or mother kid counseling† (Bennett and O’Brien, 2007, p. 400). Subordinate factors comprise of three components, â€Å"women’s experience of battering,† â€Å"domestic sav agery self efficacy,† and the quantity of days wherein the members manhandled drugs (Bennett and O’Brien, 2007, p. 400). The diary utilizes various degrees of estimation to speak to the research’s information. While it applies ostensible degree of estimation for the free factors, ordinal level is applied for the three classes of ward factors. In an ostensible degree of estimation, numbers are alloted to things for unimportant recognizable proof purposes while such numbers hold inclination esteems in ordinal degree of estimation (Melnyk and Overholt, 2010). The examination investigates five factors, two autonomous factors, and three ward factors. Despite the fact that the article doesn't unequivocally offer an exploration question, it addresses the inquiry, ‘what are the impacts of composed administrations for medicate manhandling ladies who are survivors of private accomplice violence?’ The outcomes that show diminished degrees of substance misuse and higher productivity among the ladies bolster this (Bennett and O’Brien, 2007). The subsequent article investigates

MIT students do it all night.

MIT students do it all night. SPECIAL DOUBLE BONUS ENTRY!! I didnt actually write this entry on Tuesday, but its dedicated to Tuesday, because on Tuesday morning I pulled my first all-nighter of the fall term. Well, I dont really believe in linear time anyway. Apparently, neither do the Aztecs. Wow, this is a really cool article. Then on midnight of the 12th day of the festival, a prisoner was taken to the priest. The priest would watch in the night sky for the star of fire to reach the zenith. Once it did, the priest would remove the heart of this man, and replace it with a piece of wood, that was laid on a piece of turquoise. This is where the priest would start the new fire that would once again light the city. Anyway, I digress. Heres a salute to my top five favorite MIT all-nighters over the past two years. 1. The night before my final paper was due for 21L.009. This was my very first all-nighter at MIT; I made it through by drinking 12 glasses of tea throughout the night. That combination of caffeine and extreme discomfort kept me awake until around 6 AM. Actually, the assignment I was working on happened to be interesting enough that I shouldnt have actually needed the teamy professor, Peter Donaldson, developed a video-editing software such that we could write essays. I spent the night watching Zeffirellis 1968 adaptation of Romeo and Juliet and comparing it to West Side Story, released in 1961. Im a huge West Side Story fan, and I still ended up learning a lot about the directorial techniques and symbolism when I watched it closely. Also, did you know that the original lyrics to What is a Youth? in Romeo and Juliet were nearly identical to those of Somewhere? 2. November 21-23, 2004. Immediately before Thanksgiving vacation last fall, I pulled three consecutive all-nighters due to a bombing onslaught of MATLAB programming, BSO concert reviews, and quantitative potentiometric titration. On the third day, I limply made my way to South Station, sat down in a train bound for Philadelphia, and collapsed for six hours. Luckily, I was kept company on all three nights by Shannon Dong 05, who was busily programming a robot to walk around a cave and pick up random stuff. Somehow that led her to a degree in Course XVI: Aeronautics and Astronautics. I dont get those people. 3. August 29, 2004. Long story short, I had a less-than-ideal UROP experience the summer before I found my wonderful turkey waste conversion lab. My professor, He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named, wanted me to get a bunch of stuff done over the next term, but I didnt really want to work during term. So, I decided Id finish my entire project over the last five days of summer vacation and then seek employment elsewhere. The reactions I was doing took about six hours each to do, so I basically went in every six hours, with unfailing punctuality, to set up another reaction. Well, I went in at 3 AM, purified my product, broke into another lab to get ice, rotovapped it, added aryl grignard, and began a miserable walk home at 5 AM. When I got back, I opened my mailbox on a whim and found a postcard from my beloved high school friend Shana telling me how special I was and reprimanding me for purchasing a copy of Everything Is Illuminated. It was so beautiful and inspiring that I immediately took my bik e down to the aquarium and watched the sunrise alone by the harbor. It was kind of transcendent I think everybody needs to go down there and see it at some point in their MIT experience. 4. Every Thursday night from September 31, 2004 to December 2, 2004. Back in the dark ages when I was still contemplating a math major, I decided to take, against my better judgment, 18.701: Algebra I. Now, Freshman year was no walk in the park with 8.022, but 18.701 was the first class at MIT that completely and utterly destroyed me, threw me into a gorge, tap-danced on my face with cleats, poured lye into my open wounds, and ground my bones to make its bread. I have unlimited respect for anybody who managed to pass its evil older sister, 18.702. The Psets, due on Fridays, were incredibly long, and I was in general very short on time during the weeks, so Id unfailingly stay awake until the wee hours of the morning every Thursday night. I ended up dropping it last-minute anyway because I wanted to go Christmas shopping instead of studying for the final. This is a good advertisement for the sophomore exploratory option at MIT. Except for, you know, the three months of sleepless nights I had. 5. August 15, 2005. Maybe it wasnt the best idea to leave my entire room packed until move-out day, make a train reservation for 6 AM, and then go to 6 flags until midnight. Still, I have to give major credit here to Dave, who went above and beyond the call of a night security guard. I have to bake that man a cake. Dont get me wrong now; some of these may sound a little stressful, but its always an interesting experience to pull an all-nighter. one reason is that I have a river view and the sunrise is always spectacular behind the John Hancock building, reflecting off the otherwise-muddy Charles. Thats because of all the air pollution, I think. You never know what color its going to be! Like a box of chocolates! DID YOU KNOW? The longest vertical distance from which a grape has been dropped and then caught in a human mouth was 788 feet. It was dropped off the roof of the John Hancock building.

Anni Albers and Beyond 5 Women Artists of the Bauhaus School

Though the Bauhaus was founded as an egalitarian enterprise designed to break down barriers of hierarchy, the radical school was not radical in its inclusion of women. Opportunities for women were more abundant in the early days of the Bauhaus, but as the school was quickly overwhelmed by female applicants, the weaving workshop soon became the repository for most female students (though there are some notable exceptions). Architecture, considered the highest of the programs offered at the Bauhaus, did not admit women. Anni Albers Perhaps the best known of the Bauhaus weavers, Anni Albers, was born Annelise Fleischman in 1899 in Berlin, Germany. Studying art from a young age, the independent 24-year-old decided she would join the four-year-old Bauhaus school in Weimar in 1923. When asked where she’d like to be placed, she insisted on joining the glassmaking workshop, as she had glimpsed a handsome young professor inside, whose name happened to be Josef Albers, eleven years her senior. Black, White, Grey (1927).   Courtesy of the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation Though she was denied placement in the glass workshop, she nevertheless found a lifelong partner in Josef Albers. They married in 1925 and remained together for more than 50 years, until Josef’s death in 1976. While at the Bauhaus, Albers made a name for herself as a writer and as a weaver, eventually serving as master of the weaving workshop in 1929. She received  her diploma after completing her final project, an innovative textile for an auditorium, which both reflected light and absorbed sound. Albers would employ the skills in designing utilitarian textiles she learned at the Bauhaus throughout her life, completing commissions for everything from school dormitories to private residences. Her Éclat design is still produced by Knoll today.   Albers would go on to teach weaving at the post-modernist school Black Mountain College, where she would move with her husband in 1933 after the Nazis forced the school to shutter. Gunta Stà ¶lzl Gunta Stà ¶lzl was born Adelgunde Stà ¶lzl in 1897 in Munich, Germany. Stà ¶lzl arrived at the Bauhaus in 1919 after having served as a Red Cross nurse in World War I. Though she came from a family of weavers (including her grandfather), she did not immediately start her education in the weaving workshop, which was formed after her arrival to accommodate the large number of women enrolling in the school. When the school moved to Dessau in 1927, Stà ¶lzl was the first woman to hold a teaching position and would eventually become Master of the weaving workshop, where she embraced an interdisciplinary approach and collaborated with fellow Bauhaus teacher, architect and designer Marcel Breuer to make furniture, to which she would add her colorful textiles as upholstery. A chair by Marcel Breuer with upholstery by Gunta Stà ¶lzl.   Via Wikimedia Commons Stà ¶lzl married Arieh Sharon, a Palestinian Jew, and received Palestinian citizenship, which enabled her family to escape Germany during the Second World War. Stà ¶lzl resigned from her position at the Bauhaus in 1931, fed up with the anti-semitic harassment she received due to her husband’s heritage. The family moved to Switzerland where Stà ¶lzl ran a weaving mill until she was in her seventies. She died in 1983. Otti Berger Otti Berger, born in 1898 in Croatia, was a highly successful commercial designer of textiles, establishing her own business beyond the walls of the Bauhaus. Berger entered the weaving workshop at the Bauhaus in Dessau in 1926 and became known for her ability to express theories of weaving verbally, publishing the influential essay Stoffe im Raum (Materials in Space) in 1930. Berger served briefly as co-Master of the weaving workshop with Anni Albers while Gunta Stà ¶lzl was on maternity leave in 1929. In 1932, Berger set up her own weaving studio, where she produced patented designs, but her Jewish heritage impeded her entry into Germanys Imperial Council for the Visual Arts, which hindered her business’s growth. As the Nazi’s power increased, Berger tried to escape the country, but was unsuccessful in her attempt to find work in England. Finally offered a position in 1937 at the Chicago Bauhaus (where Laszlo Moholy-Nagy and other Bauhaus professors had decamped after the school’s closing in 1933), she briefly made a detour to Yugoslavia to visit a sick relative. Before she could make it to the United States, however, passage out of the country was barred. Otti Berger died in a Nazi concentration camp in Poland in 1944. Isle Fehling Isle Fehling was a German costume and set designer. She arrived at the Bauhaus in 1920, where she attended stage and sculpture classes. By 1922, at the age of 26, she had patented a design for a circular stage that allowed for productions in the round. After leaving the Bauhaus she became a successful stage and costume designer, and was known for her architectural, geometric designs, which she produced as the sole costume designer at the Schauspieltheater in Berlin. Though she worked in the theater by profession, Fehling never abandoned her love of sculpture. Working in both abstract and figurative work, she produced many portrait busts of significant members of Germany’s theater scene. As with many of the Bauhaus artists, Fehling’s work was labeled â€Å"degenerate† by the Nazi party in 1933. Her studio was confiscated and her worked bombed in 1943, leaving little of it behind. Ise Gropius While not an artist herself, Ise Gropius was an instrumental figure in the success of the Bauhaus project. The second wife of Walter Gropius, Ise acted as the school’s unofficial face of public relations and marketing. She often wrote about the school for publication in the German press. Ise Gropius at home.   Getty Images The courtship of Ise and Walter Gropius was fairly unconventional, as they fell in love at first sight when Ise heard Walter speak about the Bauhaus at a lecture in 1923. Already engaged, Ise left her fiancà © for Walter, who had divorced Alma Mahler three years earlier. The Bauhaus was as much a school as it was a way of life, and Ise Gropius was an instrumental piece of the lifestyle. As the wife of the director, she was meant to exemplify the â€Å"Bauhaus woman,† running a functional and well-designed home. Largely unsung, Ise Gropius impact on the success of the Bauhaus should not be underestimated. Sources Fox  Weber, N.  and  Ã‚  Tabatabai Asbaghi, P. (1999).  Anni Albers.  Venice: Guggenheim Museum.Muller U.  Bauhaus Women. Paris: Flammarion; 2015.Smith, T. (21014).  Bauhaus Weaving Theory: From Feminine Craft to Mode of Design. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Weltge-Wortmann S.  Bauhaus Textiles. London: Thames and Hudson; 1998.

Classification Of Liabilities Should Be Classified As...

INTRODUCTION In IASB Exposure Draft ED/2015/1 (AASB equivalent is ED 259), Classification of Liabilities (Proposed Amendments to IAS 1) there are proposal for several changes how liabilities should be classified as either current or non-current in financial statements. Changes proposed by the ED 1. The IASB proposes clarifying that the classification of liabilities as either current or non-current should be based on the entity’s rights at the end of the reporting period which are (a) replacing ‘discretion’ in paragraph 73 of the Standard with ‘right’ to align it with the requirements of paragraph 69(d) of the Standard; (b) making it explicit in paragraphs 69(d) and 73 of the Standard that only rights in place at the reporting date should affect this classification of a liability; and (c) deleting ‘unconditional’ from paragraph 69(d) of the Standard so that ‘an unconditional right’ is replaced by ‘a right’. 2. 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Conflict and resolution Free Essays

In preparing to make this particular essay, much to my consternation I could not immediately think about a conflict that may be appropriate to nor have I found something that must be worth telling. After debating about the onerous and numerous conflicts that had already occurred in my life, there is a particular problem that I had found worth telling. It would not be amiss if I had chosen to talk about the inner turmoil that had surfaced in my life –the turmoil that is religion. We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict and resolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Upon reaching the age of awareness and understanding, it had been a long standing question for me whether or not I would take up the religion that my parents that had adopted or to continue tradition and take up my grandparents long standing religion. The background of this familial conflict is dated when I was still small, approximately, at the age of 9 or 10. My inner turmoil then continued on when I was in my adolescent years and finally resolved when I was nearing the age of nineteen. My inner conflict, my religious affiliation, had been resolved by deciding not to just choose the two religions that were pushed to me by my elders but I have chosen to open myself up with the possibility that religious affiliations will not be the only way for me to come to terms with my faith in a Higher Being. Notice that I have used the term Higher Being? I believe it to be a wise decision especially when later I would present the main reason for it. Relating this tear-jerking experience is at some degree hard for me. It was tear-wrenching since I remembered myself crying over it a couple of times and I remembered myself frustrated and flustered with the idea. At the young age of 9 or 10, my grandmother poked around my own feelings about the change in religion that my mother, and eventually, my father had taken. Raised to an honesty policy, I found it hard to just let the topic die down with a simple affirmative answer. I confessed to them my confusion and my own conflict, since for at least 9 years of my life I had grown to know my grandparents’ religion. It was just innocent enough and maybe too naà ¯ve and unguarded. After that particular conversation, I saw my mother crying in my parents’ room. Guessing the reason why, I had come to a realization that I had put my mother in a deeper fix than she was before. My grandparents are Catholics and my mother chose another religion that my grandmother was skeptical about. This particular religion still involves worshipping God but its ways are different from that of my grandparents’. My grandmother and my mother had a row about it and eventually there was a rift between them. They were still in speaking terms but both of them had conveniently forgotten about the issue of religion. In fact, my grandmother tolerated my mother’s decision and my mother tolerated my grandmother’s opinions. This was the routine until I was about to enter high school years. It could then be seen here that my conflict started when I witnessed my mother crying over something that I had said to my grandmother. It seems that my grandmother blamed my mother for the state of confusion that I was in at that time. After the incident, I have learned a little tact and learned to curb my tongue when it comes to religious outbursts. Personally, this would have been left as is given that I was still young and playing was my main concern. But the incident has glued on to my head for a few more years. I did not anticipate that it would take a better half of my life fighting over and pretending that I believed in what both parties were telling me. Eventually, I had taken up my parents’ religion for a while and I was content at that time. But as time passed by, I became restless with the mind boggling experiences that I have witnessed. Take for example my other relatives; they began seeing my mother as a deviant and that her religious choice was highly dubitable. As an adolescent, my parents had provided me certain independence and other liberties to explore my own self. They may still have influenced me greatly but in this particular subject, they could not sway me from my convictions. I had given my parents’ religion a chance and engaged in activities that were thrust upon me. The fusses that the activities had made me forget, temporarily though, my inner turmoil. Only when I began school again that I was able to fully recover the idea from the back of my mind. During this time, my grandparents had slowly changed their opinions about my mother seeing that this change did not become destructive. But the scene kept playing in my head and it grows more vivid by the time passes by. In school, I would ask other people regarding religion and still could not find a satisfactory answer. My inquiries had taken me nowhere but deeper than I was before. It was later that Sunday service could no longer satisfy my growing need for an answer. It came to a point that I almost became an atheist, and blamed my parents for it. The redeeming factor that came into my mind was due to the pastor’s statement that God loves me regardless of what I have become. This display of unconditional love had made me realize that there is more to life than just religious affiliations. I could even remember having a heated debate with a friend regarding my opinion. It is in my strong belief that a Higher Being, regardless of who he/she is, would actually accept me for what I am. I do not think that my values and/or virtues would have a direct link with what religious affiliation that I would take. Seeing other religious people and their fervor in proving whose religion is much better only makes me shake my head in disbelief. The shock that such juvenile bickering could still ensue among adults, like my mother and grandmother, had led me to a decision that would not hurt both adults and would benefit me as a person. What is religion then? They say that religion is a certain system of belief but this definition may have been problematic still and that the problem of the definitions are still at large now (Robinson). For me, religion became a hindrance to a contented life. It made me agitated thinking that I had to choose and that I had to set myself with the restrictions and limitations that the religions have. In the end, I had chosen a path where I could actually be satisfied with. Some people would still nag me about it and some people may scorn me about it but this decision actually works in my life. It may sound too pragmatic and impermanent but this is how I could cope with after the pressures that I had. I learned here that inquiries and a degree of skepticism would not be bad especially when a decision is something that could be of great importance. Doubting should not be taken negatively but it should be embraced especially when it could help resolve things as well as finding satisfaction in decisions and how it was arrived. Works Cited Robinson, B.A. â€Å"Definitions of the Word â€Å"Religion†Ã¢â‚¬ .   2007. September 23 2007. http://www.religioustolerance.org/rel_defn.htm. How to cite Conflict and resolution, Essay examples

Dickens calls his novel Hard Times Essay Example For Students

Dickens calls his novel Hard Times Essay Dickens calls his novel Hard Times. How does Dickens communicate a sense of the hard times which the working classes experienced due to industrialisation and Victorian attitudes to education? In your answer you should consider how Dickens uses characterisation and language to explore his themes.  During the Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, there was a mass rise in employment as a large number of heavy industrial factories were established all over cities. This resulted in widespread pollution and appalling overall working conditions, which are the hard times that Dickens tries to express through characterisation and language in his novel. We will write a custom essay on Dickens calls his novel Hard Times specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In doing this, Dickens is criticising the pursuit of Benthams doctrine of utilitarianism in his contemporary society. Utilitarianism is the concept that the greatest number should be the guiding principle of conduct and that what the majority agrees to is correct (Bentham 1748-1832). Dickens argues, however, that this ideal is highly immoral as the working masses are subjected to such hard times whilst the rich simply enjoy their own wealth. Dickens identifies the application of these corrupt beliefs in the Victorian attitudes to education as a fundamental part of the problem. Dickens effectively illustrates the hard times experienced by the working classes due to industrialisation and the flaws in Victorian attitudes to education in his use of characterisation and language. In Hard Times, Dickens expresses the difficulties experienced by the working class in showing their lack of individuality as a result of industrialisation. The workers are described as equally like one anotherwho all went in and out at the same hours, with the same sound upon the same pavements, to do the same work, and to whom every day was the same as yesterday. Dickens uses alliteration and repetition here same hourssame sound to express the dullness of the workers tedious routines and emphasise their lack of individuality. Furthermore, he characterises the workers by describing them as being like clockwork machines; slaves to their factories, with no hint of personality. Dickens replicates this lack of individuality in the school, in an effort to show the effects of industrialisation on Victorian attitudes to education. The individuality of the working class children was being purposefully eroded in school, in an effort to raise the children as factory workers; nothing more than another cog in the industrial machine of society. This is demonstrated as the students are robbed of their names and referred to by numbers, such as Girl number twenty, and is not allowed to be called by their pet names, which are indeed representations of unique personalities:  Sissy is not a name, said Mr. Gradgrind. Dont call yourself  Ã‚  Sissy. Call yourself Cecilia. Dickens exposes here his criticism of utilitarianism the belief that what the majority agree to is correct as immoral. It is untrue that these school children have agreed to becoming factory workers; the reality is that they are brainwashed into becoming monotonous creatures who know no better than to pursue jobs in industrial factories since their education was tailored by rich teachers like Mr. Gradgrind, who are interested in only their own well being. Dickens therefore argues that the function of utilitarianism in Victorian society is misguided and corrupt. This disagreement is further embodied in the characterisation of the school children as little vesselsready to have imperial gallons of facts poured into them until they were full to the brim. This metaphor reiterates how the Victorian teachers do not see the pupils as individual people, but rather, mere vessels to be manipulated as they see fit. Moreover, the use of mathematical language such as imperial gallons echoes factory impressions and imagery. By using language and characterisation, Dickens has presented an effective picture of the hard times experienced by the working classes in the removal of individuality due to industrialisation, and the way in which this has influenced Victorian attitudes to education. He has also employed these techniques to mount an effective assault on the morality of utilitarianism in this society. .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 , .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .postImageUrl , .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 , .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748:hover , .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748:visited , .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748:active { border:0!important; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748:active , .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Russians And Bosnians Essay Research PaperAnother way in which Dickens communicates a sense of the hard times is by describing the sense of entrapment that the working class feel due to industrialisation controlling their lives, All the public inscriptions in the town were painted alike, in severe characters of black and white. Since Dickens uses specific colour imagery of black and white, Dickens conveys that Coketown is a factual black or white region, which shows how the civilians are locked in a world of facts even by their decorating. Dickens mirrors the sense of entrapment in the workplace in the Victorian classroom which is another example of the negative effects of industrialisation. He does this by describing the classroom as The scene was a plain, bare monotonous vault. Firstly, Dickens uses the technique of a list of three. He uses this language technique to emphasise the dullness and entrapment felt in the classroom. Dickens conveys the idea that the childrens learning conditions were similar to a prison cell showing how the children were entrapped. Dickens also uses this language to show how children were locked into a world of facts. In Hard Times. By using language and imagery to convey a sense of entrapment, Dickens shows how the working classes entrapment in their jobs and the school childrens imprisonment in a world of facts create such hard times for them.

Thanksgivings Day History

Primarily celebrated in the United States and Canada, thanksgiving has over the years transformed itself from the original idea of showing gratefulness to God for his favors to a fully fledged national holiday observed on the last Thursday of every November and the second Monday of every October in the United States and Canada respectively. During this festivity, a lot of brain and body input is swung into action as a result of the various activities carried out by various groups of people to commemorate this event.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Thanksgiving’s Day History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the ancient days to date, certain activities have remained as they were while others have been continuously been revolutionized, all in the name of observing this highly observed occasion. Virtually all the human senses are put to the test while observing thanksgiving taking into account the fact th at it is a highly anticipated occasion or holyday rather. According it the kind of importance it deserves is hence quit imperative. In the modern day thanksgiving festivity, the most utilized human sense is that of taste. This is because the entire citizenry in these countries which observe thanksgiving always strive to see to it that they direct a considerable amount of time, energy and resources to the kitchen so as to enable them put a decent meal on the table. Despite not being a replica of the original meals ate while observing thanksgiving during its early years of inception, a constant trend of feasting on a specific caliber of food which more often than not include the turkey has been noted to characterize almost all the dinner tables over the last couple of years. This state of affairs hence renders the sense of taste the most utilized one with respect to the fact that almost all the households prepare their meals with missionary zeal. Striving to satisfy everybody’s sense of taste during this festivity also has a multiplier effect on yet another vital human sense; that of smell. This is occasioned by the endearing aroma that always emanate from every household’s kitchen. It is hence safe to say that the human sense of taste cannot be completely satisfied without appeasing that of smell. This momentous occasion is also characterized with outdoor events that involve utilizing the human sense of sight quite expeditiously. Sight often comes in quite handy during this event since several open field activities take place on this date too. In the United States for instance, a massive parade constituted of giant floats, matching bands and even convoys of celebrated icons in the entertainment industry often match along the 5th avenue in New York. This event always attracts thousands of sight seers who come to enjoy themselves either by observing or taking part in the activity.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if w e can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Song, dance and even prayer also decorate this callous celebration. Very appeasing tunes often heard both live or on television also seek to satisfy the human sense of hearing. In as much as the satisfaction of the senses of smell, taste and sight are of great importance, it is equally important to acknowledge the fact that these celebrations would be out rightly dull and unbearable if the sense of hearing was to be neglected. It hence makes much sense to conclude this essay by attesting to the fact that for a fulfilling commemoration of the thanksgiving event, the satisfaction of almost all the human senses is deemed necessary. It is also important to take part in this celebration since it helps to renew one’s commitment to the family and the general nourishment of the society. These activities also help to encourage or promote unity by encouraging a sense of belonging among people hence emphasizing the im portance of harmonious living. This essay on Thanksgiving’s Day History was written and submitted by user BrotherhoodofEvilMutants to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Infidelity

What is the truth about infidelity? When two people who love each other decide to take a sacred vow â€Å"till death do us part†, a part of the commitment involves being loyal and faithful in every way. In a society such as ours, where the divorce rate is sky high, infidelity plays a major role and of great concern to all those who are presently married, or those who are someday hoping to be. In a perfect world, when one person finds his or her other half, then falls in love and gets married, the two people really represent one â€Å"whole† person. The thought of another person breaking up the â€Å"two halves that make a whole† is not even an issue. Think again, this world is not a great place, and often enough the most important person in ones life finds some reason to be unfaithful. Infidelity is a kind of thing that could leave a scar for all eternity. This research paper will focus on the topic of infidelity(1). The questions being researched are the following: to whom does it occur to; who exactly is being unfaithful; and why does it happen so often. The first conclusive study on the subject was that of a sex researcher Alfred Kinsley, who in 1953, found that fifty percent of husbands cheated and twenty six percent of wives cheated by the age of forty (Norment, 148). I guess that’s how life (1) For the purpose of this paper, infidelity will be defined as the unfaithfulness of wedding vows. More specifically, infidelity refers to one partner hiding the fact that he/she is not monogamous. used to be in 1950’s, therefore throughout the years people drew up a conclusion that men are the primary cheaters. Our society has always had a stereotypical view about men and infidelity. These days, according to sex researchers, woman under the age of forty are just as likely to commit adultery as men, who ar... Free Essays on Infidelity Free Essays on Infidelity What is the truth about infidelity? When two people who love each other decide to take a sacred vow â€Å"till death do us part†, a part of the commitment involves being loyal and faithful in every way. In a society such as ours, where the divorce rate is sky high, infidelity plays a major role and of great concern to all those who are presently married, or those who are someday hoping to be. In a perfect world, when one person finds his or her other half, then falls in love and gets married, the two people really represent one â€Å"whole† person. The thought of another person breaking up the â€Å"two halves that make a whole† is not even an issue. Think again, this world is not a great place, and often enough the most important person in ones life finds some reason to be unfaithful. Infidelity is a kind of thing that could leave a scar for all eternity. This research paper will focus on the topic of infidelity(1). The questions being researched are the following: to whom does it occur to; who exactly is being unfaithful; and why does it happen so often. The first conclusive study on the subject was that of a sex researcher Alfred Kinsley, who in 1953, found that fifty percent of husbands cheated and twenty six percent of wives cheated by the age of forty (Norment, 148). I guess that’s how life (1) For the purpose of this paper, infidelity will be defined as the unfaithfulness of wedding vows. More specifically, infidelity refers to one partner hiding the fact that he/she is not monogamous. used to be in 1950’s, therefore throughout the years people drew up a conclusion that men are the primary cheaters. Our society has always had a stereotypical view about men and infidelity. These days, according to sex researchers, woman under the age of forty are just as likely to commit adultery as men, who ar... Free Essays on Infidelity What is the truth about infidelity? When two people who love each other decide to take a sacred vow â€Å"till death do us part†, a part of the commitment involves being loyal and faithful in every way. In a society such as ours, where the divorce rate is sky high, infidelity plays a major role and of great concern to all those who are presently married, or those who are someday hoping to be. In a perfect world, when one person finds his or her other half, then falls in love and gets married, the two people really represent one â€Å"whole† person. The thought of another person breaking up the â€Å"two halves that make a whole† is not even an issue. Think again, this world is not a great place, and often enough the most important person in ones life finds some reason to be unfaithful. Infidelity is a kind of thing that could leave a scar for all eternity. This research paper will focus on the topic of infidelity(1). The questions being researched are the following: to whom does it occur to; who exactly is being unfaithful; and why does it happen so often. The first conclusive study on the subject was that of a sex researcher Alfred Kinsley, who in 1953, found that fifty percent of husbands cheated and twenty six percent of wives cheated by the age of forty (Norment, 148). I guess that’s how life (1) For the purpose of this paper, infidelity will be defined as the unfaithfulness of wedding vows. More specifically, infidelity refers to one partner hiding the fact that he/she is not monogamous. used to be in 1950’s, therefore throughout the years people drew up a conclusion that men are the primary cheaters. Our society has always had a stereotypical view about men and infidelity. These days, according to sex researchers, woman under the age of forty are just as likely to commit adultery as men, who ar...

Hot summer helps butterfly numbers critique Essay

Hot summer helps butterfly numbers critique - Essay Example Richard Fox the manager of the survey believes that during the summer a majority of the insects were in their early developmental stages and the perfect temperature conditions assisted in their survival and finally gave rise to a large number of adults. The article also confirms that the perfect weather conditions were responsible for attracting immigrant butterflies such as painted lady, clouded yellow, silver Y moth and the rare long-tailed blue. Participants in the survey were asked to look for 21 common butterfly species and the final results saw 15 of these species growing in numbers. 12 out of these 15 species showed a growth of over 50% while only 4 species – the ringlet, marbled white, meadow brown and six-spot burnet moth, showed decrease in their numbers. Mr. Fox inferred that the species which showed decreases in their numbers were ones which have just a single generation every year. Therefore, the number of these species represented the direct offsprings of their p arents who had been counted in the last year. However, he confirms that even though the parental numbers in the last count was large, there must have been decline in breeding success giving rise to lower number of off-springs. The article concludes with the fact that the weather cannot help increase numbers forever and that the number of butterflies in the U.K is gradually declining and the sole way of redressing this problem is to conserve the habitats and inhibit destruction of their range. The author of the article is absolutely accurate in drawing conclusions that butterflies are temperature dependent. Survivorship of butterflies depend on this since if the temperature is not high enough butterflies make the butterflies â€Å"more susceptible to predation during roosting and basking periods when they are unable to attain the body temperature needed for vigorous flight† ( Kingsolver,1985,p13). Hence a decrease in adult population would automatically decrease the population size. Another important role of temperature is its role in fecundity. A study conducted by Karlsson and Wiklund showed that lifelong fecundity of butterflies in relation to temperature was bell shaped where for open landscape butterflies fecundity was optimal at around 30 degrees (Karlsson & Wiklund,2005,p99).Studies also suggest that butterfly fecundity is controlled by temperature at two stages- egg maturation and female ovipositing (Berger et al,2008,p523). Therefore it is obvious, that since butterflies are temperature dependent, high numbers of emigration as observed because of the prevalent heat wave in the region which attracted butterflies from less suitable weather regions. The article also suggests a solution to the declination in the number of butterflies in the U.K. i.e. prohibiting habitat destruction. It is true that destruction of natural habitat has been the primary reason for decline of the butterfly population. Species richness of butterflies has decreased rapidly in places where habitat destruction is highest (Forister et al, 2010, p2088). Climate change has also been a major cause of habitat destruction since the changes in climatic conditions alters the vegetation of the habitats and destruction of the biotopes that the butterflies are accustomed to thereby hastening butterfly

Clinical Phlebotomy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Clinical Phlebotomy - Coursework Example Collected blood is then mixed by inverting it several times and correctly labeled with the patient details. The patient is given small gauze to hold over the puncture site to arrest bleeding. Great care should be exercised when handling blood bank samples since errors in blood banking lead to undesirable transfusion reactions that can be life threatening. There is also a high likely hood of clerical errors occurring since it is a multistep process. This is because blood culture samples are time sensitive due to the nature of the infection. Specimens can only be of diagnostic value (yield positive results) when collected at a time the pathogens are in the peripheral circulation. It is at this time when the samples are ordered as STAT. Contaminated blood culture is when a positive blood culture is due to normal skin flora and not the causative pathogen. Contamination occurs during sample collection and inoculation of the sample in the culture media. This, process is to be done aseptically failure to which contamination occurs. In therapeutic drug monitoring a peak is the time point when the drug concentration is high, and it is the immediately after a dose has been administered. A trough on the other hand, is when the drug concentration is low at the end of the dosage interval. Blood samples for TDM are commonly collected during the trough phase. A fasting sample for OGTT must be collected to enable correct of the result. The test is done to confirm diabetes mellitus by determining patient’s tolerability to a standard dose of glucose given during the test. Non-fasting samples are likely to give false positive results due to pre-existing high blood glucose concentration following a meal( Medtexx Medical Corporation, 2007). I would flash the IV line on one of the arms with heparin solution to avoid thrombosis. I would then discard the first

Personnel management and human resource management

Personnel management and human resource management Topic â€Å"Personnel Management Human Resource Management the same wine, only different bottle†. Explain clearly, what is meant by the term human resource management, noting the differences and similarities to personnel management. Argue in favor of one approach to managing employees. Introduction In this document we plan to assess how human resource management is different from personnel management, why companies switched from personnel management system to the well known human resource management system, how is HR Management different from Personnel management, and why we chose the HR approach to employees. Human Resource Management Definition There are many definitions of what human resource management is, many people think that there is no difference between the old personnel management practices and the new human resource practices expect the new â€Å"label†, one definition that we think reflects the human resource management of today is : â€Å"Human Resource Management is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques.† Background All organisations, from small firms to giant corporations, from service companies to hi-tech organisations, engage in human resource management activities. They needs to utilise their resources effectively in order to achieve their objectives and targets. Human Resource Management is an issue of vital concern to all managers, and is the most important resource which employs all other resources to produce the desired outcome of the organisation. Thus the effective deploying of employees is a key element that adds to the competitive advantage of the firm (Molander, 1989). However, as globalisation and growing economic interdependence among nations emerged, along with rapid socio-economic changes and intensifying of the competition between organisations, the management of people increasingly became a critical issue for businesses. Therefore Personnel Management has to ensure that personnel policies and practices are geared to the objectives and strategy of the organisation in order to cope with the turbulent environment and respond to the new business needs and the external threats from the competitors. Consequently, this resulted in perpetual development and change of personnel management. In this respect the language of Human Resource Management has emerged to translate a new term for the management of employees in this active and changing world. However, the literature demonstrates a debate about the ambiguity of differentiating personnel from human resource management. Hendry (1995:55) states that: â€Å"Human Resource Management has gained rapid and widespread acceptance as a new term for managing employment. It remains, however; an ambiguous concept. People question whether it is any different from the traditional personnel management, nor it is clear what it consists in practice†. Some scholars however argue that HRM is an evolution of the process of personnel management (PM) and not a new theory of management employees, for example according to Torrington and Hall (1993:3): â€Å" personnel management is experiencing the biggest change in its history. Many commentators believed that the arrival of human resource management was to be the greatest change in emphasis, but that was no more than re-thinking the process inside the organisation..†. Similarly Guest (1987) also supports this notion by saying that label has changed whilst the content continues to be the same. On the other hand, other writers attempt to make a distinction between HRM and PM. Hendry and Pettigrew (1990:25) state that â€Å"HRM is then a perspective on personnel management, not personnel management itself†. Additionally, they argue that the strategic character of HRM is distinctive. Underpinning this distinction, Legge (1995) identifies three features differentiating HRM from PM where the former is concerned with managerial staff and promotes integrated line management activities, with more focus on senior management being involved in the management of culture. The developing countries are characterised by weak economic, legal and political institutions that lead to corruption, insecurity, conflict and lack of competitiveness in labour, technology and skills. The introduction of trade liberalisation and increased international competition in such conditions can have serious consequences for the infant industries in the developing countries (Stiglitz, 2000). However it is generally claimed that opening to the global markets increases the flow of foreign direct investment into the developing countries, allows them to catch up with the latest technology without need for considerable investment or research, bring capital into the country, build expertise, induce innovation, and thus contribute to the general economic growth. Francois and Schuknecht (2000) provide some empirical evidence that openness to global markets leads to GDP growth. These findings are of course challenged by others. The Term â€Å"Human Resource† comes from 2 different fields, in political economy and economics it is known as labor and it is one of the four factors of production for any establishment. Nowadays â€Å"human resource† is one of the most important departments in any organization, compared to the old days where human resource was seen as a marginal department, where improvement and strategic planning wasnt needed. The Human Resource System started back in the 19th, where two important movements occurred that changed the way companies and industries would treat their workforce, the first two companies in the 19th to do so were Cadbury and Bournville that recognized the importance of looking after their employees, and their families by offering them benefits or services that would help them in their daily work. After the second world war, major companies in the USA that just emerged in the market, started hiring personnel from the military and thus where able to apply new, selections, training, leadership and management development. The role of Human Resource Management shifted throughout the middle of the 20th century, when critics started saying that two different HR systems where created, the â€Å"soft† and â€Å"hard† systems, where the soft HR system focused on areas such as leadership, cohesion, and loyalty which was seen as an important role in the organization, and the â€Å"hard† side which was the old system of the human resource where organizations still viewed human resource as a marginal department that didnt need improvement and strategic planning, and that employees would be used as commodities. Purpose and Role The purpose and role of human resource management is to maximize the return on investment of the organization from the human capital and to minimize its financial risk, Human resource seeks to achieve the organizations goals and objective by hiring skilled and qualified individuals and by aligning the capabilities of the current workforce, the human resource department must support and respect the workforce and take into account legal and ethical practices. Key Functions The key functions of human resource are to set strategic planning and develop policies and systems to be implemented in a whole range of areas in the organization, such as the following: Recruitment and Selection Organizational design and development Performance, conduct and behavior management Industrial and employee relations Management of workforce personnel data Compensation, rewards and benefits management Training and development Trends and Influences In order for the Human Resource function to know the business environment in which the organization operates, it needs to take into calculation three major trends. Demographics The characteristics of a workforce or population such as gender, age or social status need to taken into consideration, the result of this trend may have an effect on the organization and its policies toward the workforce/employees, such as pension offerings, insurance packages and so on. Diversity The diversity within a workforce or population might also affect the organization and its policies, by diversity we mean race, gender, sexual orientation and so on. As an example organizations of today might notice that the majority of the workforce is made up of â€Å"baby-boomers† or older employees, so the focus of their benefits and policies might also change. Skills and qualifications As todays organizations and industries go from a manual to a more managerial focus, so does the need of organizations to hire highly skilled graduates, in a tight market, meaning that there arent many employees or workforce, organizations and companies might compete for employees by offering them different benefits or rewards. Structure Human resource development is the main structure of this function, where employees are viewed by organizations as assets rather than commodities, where developing the workforce will benefit greatly the organization, and allows its workforce for individual development, where the employee, organization and nation will benefit from this. â€Å"Human resources primary focus is in the growth and employee developmentit emphasizes developing individual potential and skills†. (Elwood, Olton and Trott 1996) Ethical Management This new Human resource practices and function is seen today as a more ethical approach to employee management, where the organization is trying to grow its employees skills and knowledge, rather than using its workforce as commodities, that can be replaced anytime. Differences and Similarities to Personnel Management There have been many debates about whether Personnel Management and Human Resource management is the same thing, just with a different name, but after some research into this matter people came up with some differences between the two functions. Human resource management is focused more on long-term planning, where organizations develop and train their employees for the future benefit of the company, where Personnel management is focused on the short-term planning where employees are treated just as commodities and arent given any or slim training in their respective field, In the planning process human resource management focuses on a proactive and integrated strategic planning, where the department plans for the future of employees and its organization, where personnel management has a more reactive and marginal approach to planning, meaning that organizations that plan to use personnel management see this department as a marginal, not so important and doesnt accord any strategic planning to it. The psychological contract of human resources is focused on commitment, where employees will become committed to their work, throw development of skills or career, thus increasing productivity within the organization, in the other hand, personnel management focuses on compliance, where employees are seen as commodities and are required to do their job and tasks as they are given by the manager without room for personal development. The employee relation in this two workforce management systems are totally different, in human resource management the relation between the employer and the employees is seen as one of the most important in the organization, where employees are the asset of the company, there is high trust between the employer and the employees and they are treated in a unitarist and individual way; where in personnel management, employee relation is focused on a pluralist and collective system, where the organization or personnel management has low trust toward his employees, treating them in a collective perspective. The structure and system of the two functions are different too, where human resources structure is more organic, where teamwork is the focus for the workforce, meaning that the organization takes into consideration the needs of their employees, where the main focus for the organization is the workforce and not the product or service, where in personnel management the spotlights are on the product or service and the its structure is more Bureaucratic, meaning the needs and wants of employees are not taken into consideration by the organization, with pre-defined roles for each employee, and its system is centralized, compared to the human resources individual system and its flexible roles offered to their employees. These two functions are evaluated in different ways too, where in human resource management evaluation is done throw maximum utilization, where organization try to maximize their employee potential rather than cost minimization like in personnel management. Our Point of View For those who recognize a difference between personnel management and human resources, the difference can be described as philosophical. Personnel management is more administrative in nature, dealing with payroll, complying with employment law, and handling related tasks. Human resources, on the other hand, are responsible for managing a workforce as one of the primary resources that contributes to the success of an organization. Our point of view regarding which of these two approaches to employee management is better, is that human resource management is better in the long-run, where personnel management would have an advantage in the short-term and in some industries like manufacturing where people posses no or low skills and knowledge; after reading both meaning and seeing their differences and similarities in their practices we can say that human resources has a more ethical approach to employees and that productivity and performance can be increased throw this function rather than by using personnel management. We chose human resource management because more and more employee are looking for a workplace where their work and family can be related, where he feels needed and where the organization will help him develop his skills and knowledge, throw training and coaching. To some people it might sound like there is no difference between the two functions, as it was said â€Å"the same wine, only different bottle†, but we dont agree with this statement since it can be seen clearly that its a â€Å"new wine, in the same bottle† where the â€Å"wine† defines how the function is structured and what it focuses on and the â€Å"bottle† meaning the organizations goals and objective, as we can see from many big companies like McDonalds or Burger King, human resource management is the way to go. Personnel management can be simply explained as â€Å"Play by rules†. There would be some pre-determined laws, rules and regulations which are supposed to be followed by the workers. If not followed reprimands and punishments would follow. This type of management is best suited for manufacturing industries where the employee education level is low and they are in need of personnel to manage them. On the other hand, human resource management is a type of management where the employees are considered as one of the assets of the company. They are not just considered as means of producing something but they are considered as the key role in the organizations operation. More importance is given to the people than to the rules and regulations here. This set up works well in service based industries where creativity, customer service, knowledge, ideas are employed. When a difference between personnel management and human resources is recognized, human resources are described as much broader in scope than personnel management. Human resources is said to incorporate and develop personnel management tasks, while seeking to create and develop teams of workers for the benefit of the organization. A primary goal of human resources is to enable employees to work to a maximum level of efficiency. Personnel management is often considered an independent function of an organization. Human resource management, on the other hand, tends to be an integral part of overall company function. Personnel management is typically the sole responsibility of an organizations personnel department. With human resources, all of an organizations managers are often involved in some manner, and a chief goal may be to have managers of various departments develop the skills necessary to handle personnel-related tasks. References Cornelius, N. (2001). Human Resource Management. Cornwall: Thomson Learning. G.N, M. (2006). Human Resource Development. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Raffle, J. (2004). Advances in Developing Human Resources Vol 6. Boston: HR Learning. SHRM. (2008, August 23). Society for Human Resource Management. Retrieved March 14, 2010, from SHRM: http://www.shrm.org

Multicultural Matrix and Analysis Worksheet Essay

What is the group’s history in the United States? What is the group’s population in the United States? What are some attitudes and customs people of this group may practice? What is something you admire about this group’s people, lifestyle, or society? 1. Native Americans Native American tribes has a very unique history in North America all their own. That history has been passed down through generations of people and some only exists in archeological remains. Recently, their history has become popularized with the accounts of WWII and the part that Native Americans played. For instance, there where Navajo Code Talkers, which used their native language to transmit messages back and forth that could not be de-coded by the Germans. They have also made a movie about this called Wind Talkers. Native Americans have been running for government offices gaining representation and political power within the government. With the advent some Native Americans using reservations for entertainment such as casinos and outdoor resorts; the tribes have made substantial gains in financial and political power. The Native Americans were the first indigenous people in America before the â€Å"white man† came. But now they only comprise 1% of the current population. Native Americans have managed to increase their numbers in recent years but have nowhere near the population size prior to the westward expansion of the US. â€Å"While there are similarities between tribal heritage and traditions, Native American culture varies from nation to nation. Furthermore, the culture of Native Americans living on reservations differs greatly from Native Americans who do not to live on reservations.† (Pluralism Project at  Harvard University, 2011) The native American way of life is marked with the adherence to tradition. The tribal system has many aspects of benefit for the members of this group. Such things as fairness, communal assistance, and justice based upon equivalent measures of punishment and mercy. 2. Caucasian Americans Caucasian Americans comprise a large group including Italians, Irish, English and other distinct cultures. This mixture of different groups would become the basis for the formation of the United States. The early European settlers quickly meshed forming the unique identity of the American colonies. This group beyond all other would be most directly responsible for the separation from English rule and the formation of the US. Caucasian Americans comprise 75% of the American population. Caucasian Americans have many groups and diverse backgrounds. Many of these maintain heritage and identify themselves independently such as Irish Americans. However, Caucasian Americans have also assimilated into the American Culture so much that often their heritage becomes muddled and confused. Caucasian Americans have had some very famous people that have contributed. Inventions, books, art, different clothing styles for many eras, music like country, and provided the primary language to American culture. Caucasian Americans have successfully meshed their many diverse groups in order to create a single culture that is unique to the US. 3. Pacific Islanders Pacific Islanders cover a vast range of different cultural groups and nationalities within the Pacific Ocean area from Micronesia, Polynesia, and Melanesia. Polynesia is grouping of several islands that form a triangle to include the Easter Islands, Hawaii, and New Zealand. Melanesia consists of Papau New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu. Micronesia has eight different territories that include Diribate, Guam, and the Marshal Islands. European explorers, found this little Polynesian Islands were found on travels during the 17 and 18th centuries by French and English ships. Soon they were laying claims to this small islands. Sadly, the population of true Pacific Islanders has been compromised because of disease the European settlers brought with them. Today there are very few  purely Pacific Islanders left in the world. Pacific Islanders population is a tenuous area of study because of the mixing of racial lines. Often the Pacific Island Population is lumped with Asian Americans. Pacific Islanders alone comprise less than .1% of the total US population. The Pacific Islanders are very family oriented and will always fight for one another. An interesting fact about them is that in Tahiti both men and woman will wear flowers behind their ear, one behind the left means that they are spoken for and behind the right they are single. Pacific Islander culture promotes a lifestyle based honor and nobility. Music and dance is deeply understood in the Pacific Islander way of life. So much is the case, that music and dance are actually a means of communication. Pacific Islanders have maintained their roots and language but as a group they struggle against decreasing population size. Pacific Islanders have added to the American Culture through dance, art language, and lifestyle. Hawaii has a culture unlike most of the United States and is considered one of the greatest places to live due to its relaxed atmosphere. 4. African Americans Unlike other groups in the United States, the African Americans ancestors were shipped to this country as slaves from Africa and other countries. African Americans have also had the unfortunate reality of having to struggle to attain every aspect of equality. This problem persists even today. African Americans have also given rise to some of the most prolific leaders and thinkers concerning civil rights and equality. As a direct result of fighting inequality, civil rights leaders have helped to change the course of American History. Some of these figures include: Rosa Parks, Harriet Tubman, and Martin Luther King just to name a few. These are just some of the more famous African American civil rights leaders and thinkers. There is no doubt that African Americans have through adversity altered the viewpoints of Americans and reshaped law. African Americans today makeup about 14% of the current population in the United States. This statistic has been holding steady for since the 1990’s. African Americans have unique culture in that they have been separated from their land of origin. As a result of this separation African Americans have developed a culture that is  unique to them. Their culture involves independent forms of music (rap, blues, soul) art, and storytelling. African Americans are a strong group of people who have managed to overcome hundreds of years of adversity. Although there are still many problems in the US today concerning prejudice and racism, African Americans have managed to continue to make advances. 5. Hispanic Americans The Spanish explores were the start of the Hispanic American group. They settled lands that we know today as the states of California and Florida. They also claimed the states that are present-day Utah, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico which were claimed by Mexico before the United States claimed them later. Hispanic is a term created by the U.S. federal government in the early 1970s to broadly categorize the Spanish speaking groups of Americans. Hispanics are the largest growing group in the US and many have been here since before the US was even a country. Hispanics and Latinos contribute more than 48.4 million of the total population in the current United States. The Hispanic groups living in America share the common cultural ideology of the â€Å"family unit†. This creates a family concept where you have grandparents, parents, and children all living together in the same house. In most Hispanic groups aiding family is an expectation that must be lived up to. Hispanic culture has also transformed and increased the American Culture in way so obvious that they are often unnoticed. For example, Hispanic foods are everywhere, Spanish and Mexican architecture are prevalent throughout the south and western US. The Spanish language is rapidly making the US a bilingual country. The culture of varying Hispanic groups has added to the unique culture of the US. Food, music, and language are rapidly taken in by Americans. One cannot help but love the Hispanic culture as it has become an American staple including such people and things: Jennifer Lopez, Christina Aguilera, Antony Bandaros, Cinco de Mayo, and many other people and events. 6. Asian Americans The first wave of immigration began in the 1840’s, with Chinese workers immigrating and migrating to the West. There were also other Asian immigrants Japanese, Koreans, and Filipinos you could find this people traveling to Hawaii at first. But they were persecuted more in Hawaii then other states and were not granted citizenship. During the 1860’s these groups were even barred from entering the US. After World War II, conditions for Asian Americans began to improve. In the 70’s and 80’s the Southeast Asian immigration increased because of the Vietnam War. There is currently around 15.5 million U.S. Asian or Asian decent currently in the Untied States. Asian Americans are very nationalistic in that they are very proud of their heritage and maintain their traditions. This has presented challenges in that second-generation immigrants sometimes struggle with trying to balance tradition with the American culture. Asian Americans have a rich and long history that predates most of the known groups by thousands of years. The three main Eastern philosophies: Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism comprise the largest religions in the world. The beliefs from this religions have built paternally oriented, families that are highly structured, and also hierarchical. Asian Americans are one of the most profound groups that make the United States a culturally rich place. The different groups of Asian Americans have settled into enclaves and created communities that maintain their heritage. There is almost not major city in the US that does not boast a China Town or some form of Asian Area. Part II: Analysis The United States is a diverse nation built on the concept of the ‘melting pot’. While this ideology is pleasant and sounds good in theory it is however not completely true. In reality, the US is more of a collection of different groups. The reality of the US is that it is a pluralistic society maintaining many diverse groups that hold their heritage (Harvard Pluralism Project, 2011). Underpinning this pluralism is an American identity that is highly unique but difficult to assimilate into. Each of the different groups such as Asian Americans, Caucasian Americans, African Americans,  etc†¦Each form the unique culture of America by adding their diversity to the pool of characteristics attributed to culture. For instance, Asian Americans brought their foods and art to America and thus was absorbed into the mainstream. There are no cities in America lacking a Chinese restaurant and many Americans have Asian style furniture or art. As well, Hispanic Americans added to the culture of America through food and events such as Cinco De Mayo. Spanish architecture is prevalent throughout the Southern and Western US. The assimilation process of foreign cultures is often met with intense resistance. Within the Caucasian group Irish and Italian Americans were some of the most persecuted immigrants (Fischer, 1989). These groups have successfully assimilated today but other groups have continued to meet resistance. For instance, African Americans have met with decades of intolerance and racial violence. One major factor that cannot be overlooked is the fact that groups whom share racial distinctions such as skin color often have the hardest time assimilating into the American culture. African Americans and Asians have met with intense resistance and stereotyping. African Americans in particular have been the victims of vicious stereotyping which depicts them as being subhuman or evil. Yet despite these stereotypes having no truth to them have persisted. Worse yet the blatant prejudice and discrimination of the early part of the century has diminished in light of a silent racism or institutional racis m. This unspoken prejudice is built into the fabric of society and can often only be revealed through statistics. For instance, African Americans are completely overrepresented in the justice system; especially the juvenile justice system. African American juveniles are three times as likely to be sent to correctional facilities which Caucasians are often given probation for committing the same crime. In this way the stereotypes and prejudice are built into the systems of law and institutions and are used to continue oppressing certain groups. The problem is systemic of race and racial lines. Although using race as a form of taxonomy has been proven to be scientifically unsound the practice continues today. In the US because the dominant group is Caucasian this sets the standard for racial assimilation. All of the Caucasian groups have managed to assimilate with relative ease suffering a generation or two of prejudice often associated with economics. For instance, Irish Americans and Italian Americans both faced opposition form the American culture  because they began working and the mainstrea m population viewed this as a threat to their livelihood. This division of race has its roots in the slave era of the United States. Growing abolitionist movements would seek to end slavery but would at the same time stoke the fires of prejudice. Southerners would justify slavery by claiming racial superiority over African Americans. Even in the aftermath of the Civil War this hatred would continue to grow in the form of Jim Crow laws and outright violence. So bad was the violence against black that President Grant dispatched the Army to crush the Ku Klux Klan’s first uprising. However the clan would rise to more times across the next 70 years (Newman, 2002). The resulting racial prejudice which seems to prevail in the US is that groups who are similar to the Caucasian culture often meet with less resistance to assimilation than those groups who are dissimilar resulting from racial features such as skin color. No group has met with the resistance to assimilation more so than African Americans. Hispanic Americans are comprised of many different groups having different racial features and they are not always not easily distinguished in the way that African Americans are. The American culture, although rich with the many diverse features of other cultures is still problematic. Race a cultural differences continue to be major problems. But the country has come a long way from the days of old laws and segregation and we seem to continue acquiring and growing into a more tolerance and diverse country. Part III: Sources References: Fischer, D. H. (1989). Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. The Pluralism Project at Harvard University (2011) Retrieved from http://pluralism.org/ Newman, Richard S. The Transformation of American Abolitionism: Fighting Slavery in the Early Republic. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2002. US Census (2010). Current Population Reports. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p20-540.pdf

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